FABRIC PRODUCTION DETAILS
Cotton – Canvas – Gabardine – Poplin – Polyester
COTTON FABRIC (BASE MATERIAL)
Raw Material
- Natural cellulose fiber from cotton plant
- Fiber length (staple):
- Short (20–22 mm)
- Medium (23–27 mm)
- Long (28–35 mm – used for high-quality fabrics)
Cotton Fabric Production Process
- Ginning – seeds removed
- Carding – fibers aligned
- Combing (optional) – removes short fibers
- Spinning
- Ring spinning (most common)
- Open-end (coarser yarns)
- Weaving / Knitting
- Pretreatment
- Desizing
- Scouring
- Bleaching
- Dyeing / Printing
- Finishing
Key Properties
- Breathable
- Absorbent
- Comfortable
- Moderate strength
- Shrinks without finishing
CANVAS FABRIC (HEAVY COTTON / BLEND)
Structure
- Weave: Plain weave (very dense)
- Yarn: Coarse yarns (Ne 6–20)
- Fiber: Cotton, Polyester, or Cotton/Poly blend
Canvas Production Technique
- Air-jet or rapier loom
- High picks per inch
- Tight beat-up force
- Fabric weight: 250–600 g/m²
Finishing Processes
- Mercerization (optional)
- Water repellent (wax, PU, acrylic)
- Flame retardant (industrial)
- Sanforizing (shrink control)
Typical Uses
- Workwear
- Tents
- Bags
- Shoes
- Military & industrial covers
GABARDINE FABRIC
Structure
- Weave: Steep twill (45°–63° angle)
- Warp density: Very high
- Weft: Finer than warp
Gabardine Production Details
- Ring-spun, combed yarns
- High warp tension on loom
- Twill direction clearly visible
- Fabric weight: 180–300 g/m²
Finishing
- Piece dyed (reactive dyes)
- Brushing or peaching (optional)
- Resin finish for crease resistance
- Anti-pilling finish
Properties
✔ Durable
✔ Wind resistant
✔ Smooth surface
✔ Excellent drape
Uses
- Trousers
- Uniforms
- Coats
- Corporate & military wear
POPLIN FABRIC
Structure
- Weave: Plain weave
- Warp yarn: Fine & dense
- Weft yarn: Slightly thicker
This creates the ribbed surface.
Poplin Production Technique
- Fine yarn counts (Ne 40–80 warp)
- High warp density
- Smooth loom setting
- Lightweight: 90–150 g/m²
Finishing
- Mercerization
- Softener treatment
- Easy-care resin
- Sanforizing
Properties
✔ Smooth
✔ Lightweight
✔ Breathable
✔ Good color clarity
Uses
- Shirts
- Medical textiles
- Uniform shirts
- Bed linens
POLYESTER FABRIC (SYNTHETIC)
Raw Material
- Petrochemical polymer (PET)
- Produced by melt spinning
Polyester Fiber Production
- Polymerization (PET chips)
- Melt extrusion through spinneret
- Cooling & solidification
- Drawing (stretching → strength)
- Texturizing (bulk, softness)
Polyester Fabric Production
- Filament or spun yarns
- Air-jet / water-jet weaving
- Knitting (warp & weft)
- Fabric weight: 60–400 g/m²
Dyeing & Finishing
- Disperse dyeing (high temperature 130°C)
- Heat setting (critical)
- Anti-static finish
- Moisture management finish
- Wrinkle resistance
Properties
✔ High strength
✔ Low shrinkage
✔ Fast drying
✔ Colorfast
COMPARISON TABLE
| Fabric | Weave | Weight (g/m²) | Strength | Breathability | Main Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotton | Plain/Twill | 100–300 | Medium | High | Apparel |
| Canvas | Plain (dense) | 250–600 | Very High | Medium | Workwear |
| Gabardine | Steep Twill | 180–300 | High | Medium | Trousers |
| Poplin | Plain (fine) | 90–150 | Medium | High | Shirts |
| Polyester | Various | 60–400 | Very High | Low–Medium | Sports/Tech |
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL TESTS
- GSM / weight control
- Tensile & tear strength
- Shrinkage %
- Colorfastness (wash, rub, light)
- Pilling resistance
- Dimensional stability
FINAL NOTES
- Canvas = structure & durability
- Gabardine = strength + elegance
- Poplin = smoothness & lightness
- Polyester = performance & stability
- Cotton = comfort foundation
FACTORY TECHNICAL DATASHEETS (READY TO USE)
You can copy these directly for catalogs, exports, tenders, or buyers.
- COTTON CANVAS – TECHNICAL DATASHEET
Fabric Name: Cotton Canvas
Construction: Woven – Plain Weave (High Density)
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Fiber Content | 100% Cotton |
| Yarn Count | Warp: Ne 10 / Weft: Ne 10 |
| Weave | Plain |
| Fabric Weight | 350 ± 10 g/m² |
| Width | 150 cm |
| Shrinkage | ≤ 3% |
| Tensile Strength | Warp ≥ 900 N / Weft ≥ 750 N |
| Tear Strength | ≥ 20 N |
| Dyeing Method | Reactive Dye |
| Colorfastness (Wash) | Grade 4–5 |
| Finish | Sanforized / Optional DWR |
| End Use | Bags, tents, workwear, upholstery |
- GABARDINE – TECHNICAL DATASHEET
Fabric Name: Cotton Gabardine
Construction: Steep Twill (2/1 or 3/1)
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Fiber Content | 100% Cotton or Cotton/Poly |
| Yarn Count | Warp: Ne 30 / Weft: Ne 20 |
| Weave | Twill (steep angle) |
| Fabric Weight | 220 ± 8 g/m² |
| Width | 150 cm |
| Shrinkage | ≤ 2% |
| Abrasion Resistance | ≥ 20,000 cycles |
| Dyeing Method | Reactive Dye |
| Finish | Resin / Peached (optional) |
| End Use | Trousers, uniforms, jackets |
- POPLIN – TECHNICAL DATASHEET
Fabric Name: Cotton Poplin
Construction: Fine Plain Weave
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Fiber Content | 100% Cotton |
| Yarn Count | Warp: Ne 60 / Weft: Ne 40 |
| Fabric Weight | 110 ± 5 g/m² |
| Width | 150 cm |
| Shrinkage | ≤ 2% |
| Air Permeability | High |
| Dyeing Method | Reactive Dye |
| Finish | Mercerized / Easy Care |
| End Use | Shirts, medical, uniforms |
- POLYESTER FABRIC – TECHNICAL DATASHEET
Fabric Name: Polyester Woven Fabric
Construction: Plain / Twill
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Fiber Content | 100% Polyester |
| Yarn Type | Filament (DTY/FDY) |
| Fabric Weight | 180 ± 8 g/m² |
| Width | 150 cm |
| Shrinkage | ≤ 1% |
| Tensile Strength | Very High |
| Dyeing Method | Disperse Dye |
| Heat Setting | 180–200°C |
| Finish | Anti-static / WR |
| End Use | Sportswear, uniforms |
REACTIVE vs DISPERSE DYEING (DETAILED)
This is critical knowledge for fabric production.
REACTIVE DYEING (COTTON, VISCOSE)
Used For:
- Cotton
- Canvas
- Gabardine
- Poplin
How It Works:
- Dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose fiber
- Becomes part of the fiber structure
Process Steps:
- Pretreatment
- Dye bath (salt + alkali)
- Fixation
- Hot washing
- Soaping
- Rinsing
Advantages:
✔ Excellent wash fastness
✔ Bright colors
✔ Soft handle
fabric prices in Turkey and typical world prices
TURKEY – Retail / Local Wholesale Prices (Per Meter)
Cotton Canvas
- Small retail quantities (e-commerce stock): ~ ₺45–₺50 / m (about $1.5–$1.6) for standard cotton canvas poplin.
- Wholesale or mill lots (mid-range canvases): ~ ₺25–₺42 / m depending on weight (220–360 g/m²); heavier canvas ~ higher price.
Gabardine
- Retail priced blend / viscose-poly gabardine: ~ ₺550 / m (~$15–$17), but this appears to be a quality fashion-garment grade.
- Market range (general gabardine in Turkey): typically ₺70–₺200 / m depending on fiber, weight, and quality.
Poplin
- Retail poplin cloth: ~ ₺225–₺275 / m (about $6–$8) in general fabric shops.
Polyester / Synthetic
- Turkey listings for polyester gabardine to wholesalers don’t show fixed per-meter prices publicly (requires quote), but Turkish exporters often price factory polyester basics competitively for bulk — usually similar to or lower than mid-range cotton items (pricing varies with GSM and finishes).
WORLD MARKET – Approximate Global Price Ranges
Global prices (USD) are typical B2B mill or importer offers for standard fabrics in bulk orders (hundreds to thousands of meters). Actual shipping, taxes, and finishing change final landed cost.
Cotton Fabrics
- Standard combed cotton fabrics (e.g., poplin at ~120–160 gsm): $1.80–$4.00 / m worldwide from Turkish, , or İSTANBUL suppliers, depending on certification (e.g., GOTS) and finish.
Gabardine
- Medium-weight cotton or cotton/poly gabardine from manufacturing hubs: often $2.50–$6.00 / m in wholesale quantities. (Generic sourced data from Turkey/Asia suppliers — exact numbers vary by supplier and quality.)
Poplin
- Poplin generally sells at $2.00–$5.00 / m globally in bulk for quality apparel grades (e.g., 40/1 or 60/1 yarn counts).
Polyester Fabrics
- Basic polyester fabrics (plain weave, industrial use): often $1.50–$3.50 / m in large lots.
- Structured types like polyester gabardine for uniforms or workwear typically $2.00–$5.00 / m depending on GSM and certification (e.g., OEKO-TEX).
Example Price Summary (Approx)
| Fabric Type | Turkey Retail | Turkey Wholesale (bulk) | World Avg Wholesale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cotton Canvas | ~₺25–₺50 / m | ~$1.5–$2.5 / m | ~$1.5–$3.5 / m |
| Gabardine | ~₺70–₺550 / m | ~$2.5–$6+ / m | ~$2.5–$6 / m |
| Poplin | ~₺225–₺275 / m | ~$2–$5 / m | ~$2–$5 / m |
| Polyester woven | (quote required) | ~$1.5–$4 / m | ~$1.5–$4 / m |
Notes on Pricing
- Retail vs. Wholesale
- Retail (small quantities) is significantly higher than wholesale bulk pricing.
- Turkish bazaar shops often price fabrics for consumer sewing, not mill orders.
- Quality & Certification
- Certified (e.g., organic, OEKO-TEX, GOTS) cotton or performance finishes add 10–40%+ to cost.
- Order Size
- MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity) matters — many B2B suppliers give tiered pricing that drops at 500 m+, 1000 m+, etc.
- Currency Fluctuations
- Turkish textile prices are often quoted in ₺ locally or USD/€ internationally — exchange rates affect comparisons.
Practical Buying Tips
If sourcing from Turkey:
- Contact mills or wholesalers with GSM / yarn count / finishes you need to get accurate quotes (far more precise than store prices).
- Textile regions: İstanbul (ISTANBULL CENTER), are major fabric hubs.
If importing:
- Supplier quotes are usually in USD or EUR, and include terms like FOB, CIF depending on shipping.
- Ask about certification (OEKO-TEX / GOTS) if you need eco / export compliance.